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Historiography of the Gaspee Affair
The historiography of the ''Gaspee'' Affair examines the changing views of scholars with regards to the ''Gaspee'' Affair of 1772.
==Contemporary reports==
There were 38 newspapers in mainland British America in 1772. At least eleven, mostly in the Northeast, reported the attack on the ''Gaspee'' within the first few weeks following the incident.〔David A. Copeland, ''Colonial American Newspapers'' (Newark, University of Delaware Press, 1997), 279. The ''South Carolina Gazette'' reported it within three weeks. Merrill Jensen, ''The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776'' (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1968, 2004), 428.〕 Moreover, the ''Gaspee'' Commission of Inquiry was the topic of one of the most important pre-independence pamphlets to circulate within the colonies, John Allen’s (''An Oration, Upon the Beauties of Liberty, Or the Essential Rights of Americans'' ). Allen, a little-known preacher at the Second Baptist Church in Boston, gave an emotional sermon in December 1772 that played upon colonial fears and prejudices. Though Allen was not a particularly notable thinker or writer, and his arguments were not always accurate or consistent, his ''Oration'' went through seven printings (five editions) published in four different cities.〔Eds. G. Jack Gravlee and James R. Irvine, ''Pamphlets and the American Revolution: Rhetoric, Politics, Literature, and the Popular Press Scholar’s Facsimiles & Reprints ''(Delmar, NY, 1976), viii.〕 Allen argued that England and America were separate judicial spheres and one could not interfere with the other. He addressed his message to Lord Dartmouth and portrayed the actions of colonials as merely self-defense, not rebellion—an important distinction for his reading audience in early 1773. When ''Oration'' was published it ranked among the best-selling pamphlets of the crisis.〔John M. Bumsted and Charles E. Clark, "New England’s Tom Paine: John Allen and the Spirit of Liberty," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' Third Series, Vol. 21, Issue 4 (October 1964): 561, 566.〕
Bernard Bailyn included Allen among only three colonial pamphleteers were who able to demonstrate the "concentrated fury" comparable to that found in tracts and treaties by Europe’s more imaginative and capable writers.〔Bernard Bailyn, ''The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution'' (Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 18.〕 While Allen’s ''Oration'' was among the more incendiary, there is no evidence that it was every serialized or extracted in newspapers. Perhaps this was partly due to his death in 1774.〔The time of his death remains uncertain, see Steven H. Park, ''The Burning of H.M.S. ''Gaspee'' and the Limited of Eighteenth-Century British Imperial Power,'' 2005, Unpublished Dissertation, Chapter 4.〕 Moreover, subsequent events like the Boston Tea Party quickly overshadowed the ''Gaspee'' incident. The reactions (and overreactions) of the Imperial government in 1774 preoccupied patriot presses and later historical narratives. Forever afterwards the ''Gaspee'' episode has remained of minor concern to those who recounted the events leading up to April 1775. When in 1796 Richard Snowden published his history of the American Revolution in Baltimore, he started with the Boston Tea Party and made no mention of the ''Gaspee'', or, for that matter, any event prior to 1773. Mercy Otis Warren skipped from 1770 to 1773 in her massive two volume history of the American Revolution in 1805.〔Mercy Otis Warren, ''History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution: interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations'' Vol. I & II (Indianapolis: LibertyClassics, 1805, 1988), 59.〕 Even a book focused on the British Navy’s difficulties in the colonies from 1763–1782 failed to mention the ''Gaspee''.〔Captain W.M. James, ''The British Navy in Adversity: A Study of the War of American Independence'' (London: Longmans, Green and Co. LTD., 1926) p. 25 skips from 1770 to 1773.〕 To this day, no scholar has dedicated a monograph to the ''Gaspee'' episode, such as Benjamin Woods Labaree’s ''The Boston Tea Party'' or Hiller B. Zobel’s ''The Boston Massacre''.〔Lawrence J. DeVaro and Steven H. Park have written the only dissertations that represent a non-fiction book-length work aimed at an adult readership.〕
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